Fluctuations in gross domestic product (GDP) refer to the ups and downs of a country's economic output. These fluctuations can be attributed to various factors like changes in consumer spending, investments, government policies, and global economic trends. When GDP increases, it indicates a growing economy with higher production and income levels. This often leads to improved job opportunities and increased consumer confidence. On the other hand, when GDP decreases, it implies a slowdown in economic activity, which can result in job losses and reduced consumer spending. Governments and policymakers closely monitor GDP fluctuations to make informed decisions about fiscal policies and economic interventions.